Monday, 5 September 2011

Colour Thearpy

What is Colour Therapy

Colour therapy is a non-intrusive form of vibrational healing which introduces the optimum balance of colour energies into the human organism in order to promote harmony between the body, mind and spirit.

What is Colour and how does it affect us?

Light is the purest healing force in the universe. Pure white sunlight contains all the elements necessary to keep every living thing in perfect health. Just as we need a balanced diet if we are to be healthy, so too do we need a balance of all the colour vibrations in sunlight to nourish us energetically. When there is too much of one colour energy in our system it literally makes us feel ‘off colour’, and we need to redress the balance.

Colour has a profound affect on our moods and emotions, and we find some colours depressing and others uplifting. The way we deal with stress and our feelings are directly affected by our hormones as well as the brain chemicals circulating in our body. Coloured light travels to the pituitary, the master gland of the endocrine system, affecting our entire metabolism. Our mental state is also directly related to the quality of the light we receive through our eyes. Certain colours calm our minds, while other stimulate mental activity. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is now well documented and light treatments are used successfully in alleviating many systems such as depression, nausea, mood swings, lethargy and general exhaustion.

What is Colour Therapy and how can it help me?

Colour therapy is an ancient art with many sophisticated systems existed in Europe, the Middle East and Asia. To-day it is one of the fastest growing areas of natural health with an explosion of scientific development in the use of light to heal. This therapy is now use extensively in Asia Europe and America as a complementary treatment of many physical ailments including: asthma, arthritis, nervous and mental disorders, depression, eating disorders, skin diseases, digestive ailments, blood and circulation problems, fevers, rheumatism, shock, relief of pain as part of the treatment for many serious illnesses such as paralysis, multiple sclerosis, M.E., cancer and Aids.

A Colour therapist helps people understand their needs for certain colours, and show them how to use these colours in their daily lives for healing, health, relaxation inspiration and protection. They will also able to use colour to balance energy, aid creativity and learning, release blocks and alleviate physical, emotional and mental conditions.

Colour Therapy recognises that while you may have the same illness as someone else, we are all unique, and the cause and treatment of an illness will vary from person to person. A colour healer uses colour to find the real cause of a problem, If an illness can be treated at the source this will prevent it re-occurring in the future. It is the aim of a colour therapist to help the patient regain balance in their life, and promote harmonious vibrations to create a state of well-being. When this happens it is surprising how many physical ailments disappear.

What does a colour therapy treatment consist of?

Acourse of Colour Therapy treatment begins with diagnosis in order to establish the underlying causes of any problems you many have. The therapist may use counselling, which asks you to select your favourite colours from a selection of coloured oils or colour cards. Alternatively they may use a spinal chart or reflexology, and possibly art therapy for diagnosis.

Colour Therapy is a complementary therapy for which there is evidence dating back thousands of years to the ancient cultures of Egypt, China and India. Colour is simply light of varying wavelengths, thus each colour has its own particular wavelength and energy.

The energy relating to each of the seven spectrum colours of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet, resonates with the energy of each of the seven main chakras/energy centres of the body. If you can imagine the chakras as a set of cogs/wheels, they are rather like the workings of a clock or an engine; each cog/wheel needs to move smoothly for the clock/engine to work properly. Thus good health and wellbeing is achieved by a balance of all these energies. Balance of the energy in each of the body’s chakras is very important for health and wellbeing. Colour therapy can help to re-balance and/or stimulate these energies by applying the appropriate colour to the body and therefore re-balance our chakras.

Red relates to the base chakra, orange the sacral chakra, yellow the solar plexus chakra, green the heart chakra, blue the throat chakra, indigo the brow chakra (sometimes referred to as the third eye) and violet relates to the crown chakra.

Colour is absorbed by the eyes, skin, skull our ‘magnetic energy field’ or aura and the energy of colour affects us on all levels, that is to say, physical, spiritual and emotional. Every cell in the body needs light energy - thus colour energy has widespread effects on the whole body. There are many different ways of giving colour, including; Solarized Water, Light boxes/lamps with colour filters, colour silks and hands on healing using colour.

Colour therapy can be shown to help on a physical level, which is perhaps easier to quantify, however there are deeper issues around the colours on the psychological and spiritual levels. Our wellbeing is not, of course, purely a physical issue. Fortunately, many more practitioners, both orthodox and complementary are now treating patients in an holistic manner. That is to say, we are body, mind and spirit and none of these areas function entirely alone; each has an effect upon the other. This is why Colour Therapy can be so helpful since colour addresses all levels of our being.

As babies we first experience colour in the womb where we are enveloped in a nurturing and comforting pink. Then as a child we associate with colour as part of our first learning processes. These first associations contribute to our consciousness. As we get older we attach many different feelings, memories and meanings to certain colours and this can then become a feature in our subconscious. We can build up prejudices to colours which have happy, sad, or frightening connotations for us.

All life experiences make an impression upon us. Some experiences will be positive and some negative. It is these negative experiences which can manifest themselves physically over time as dis-ease. As an example:- perhaps we have, over the years, been in a situation where we have felt unable, for one reason or another, to speak our mind, or to express our own truth. This can manifest as a problem in the throat chakra. The throat chakra relates in the spiritual aspect to self expression. Thus, if our self expression has been blocked, the energy in this area will not be free flowing and in turn this can lead to a physical manifestation of dis-ease.

Noting strong colour preferences can also be a helpful aid to finding possible problems and working with the appropriate colour/colours to help to dispel negative feelings, free blocks and re-balance the body emotionally, spiritually and, in turn, physically.

Colour Therapy is a totally holistic and non-invasive therapy and, really, colour should be a part of our everyday life, not just something we experience for an hour or two with a therapist. Colour is all around us everywhere. This wonderful planet does not contain all the beautiful colours of the rainbow for no reason. Nothing on this earth is here just by chance; everything in nature is here for a purpose. Colour is no exception. All we need to do is to heighten our awareness of the energy of colour and how it can transform our lives. A professional therapist will help you to do this. The capacity for health and wellbeing is within us all.

Colour therapy is safe to use alone or alongside any other therapy whether orthodox medicine or another complementary therapy and is safe and helpful for adults, children and animals too.

Please be aware that no complementary therapy should be considered as an alternative to professional medical advice where necessary and no properly qualified complementary therapist would suggest that, neither would they suggest that you stop taking your medication etc. If you are taking medication you should consult the prescribing professional before you stop taking it.

Using colour to balance the Chakras of the body

Each of the spectrum colours is simply light of varying wavelengths, thus each colour has its own particular energy.

The energy relating to each of these spectrum colours resonates with the energy of each of the seven main chakras of the body.

If you can imagine the chakras/energy centres as a set of cogs/wheels, they are rather like the workings of a clock or an engine; each cog /wheel needs to move smoothly and at a similar speed for the clock/engine to work properly. Thus good health and well being is achieved by a balance of all these energies (or the smooth running of the cogs/wheels).

Colour therapy can help to re-balance these 'wheels' by applying the appropriate colour to the body and therefore re-balance our chakras. Listed below is each of the spectrum colours and the chakra which it relates to. Violet has the shortest wavelength and red the longest wavelength.

Colours and related Chakras

Colour


Chakra

Violet

Crown

Indigo

Brow

Blue

Throat

Green

Heart

Yellow

Solar Plexus

Orange

Sacral

Red

Base

Colour Therapy

Since the beginning of recorded time, it has been known that light and certain colours can energize and calm down, make happy and sad, heal and irritate. Historically, every culture have used colour for different customary rituals. But the powerful impact of light and colours on the human body have turned these into a form of healing art and alternative medicine modality of Color Therapy only recently. Today, Colour Therapy is used as a very practical tool in daily living, and can a beautiful addition to enhance your Yoga practice.

Medical Evidence of Colour Therapy

While more research needs to be done in this area to prove the therapy’s effectiveness, some early studies show promise. In a preliminary study in the Journal Headache, 98 percent of patients (49 out of 50) with migraine headaches reported big improvements after being treated with goggles that alternately illuminated the right and left eyes with red light.

In another study, red light was emitted onto the knees of 50 patients with osteoarthritis. Those who received the red light therapy reported that their pain was significantly reduced as compared to the group that had no light emission.

The most clinically supported use of Colour and Light Therapy includes the use of light boxes in the treatment of for stress-related ailments, mood disorders, sleep problems, and Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), a condition induced by lack of sun light exposure.

Colour Therapy for Yoga Practice

Using Colour Therapy is a wonderful technique you can use in your Yoga practice. Since each colour has a different meaning, try to match these with your current state of being and what you want to achieve from the session of asanas. For example, if you are on the down side, feeling dull and lack the energy to get you going, try to surround yourself in Red and Violet. These colours will envigorate your spirit, re-energize the body and shift your mood in the positive direction. If you feel anxious, restless and can’t seem to find concentration, Blue, Green and Indigo colours will calm your rushing mind, ease form tension in the muscles and joints and bring awareness and focus. Match your Yoga poses, breathing and meditation with any particular colour or combination as complete healing comes from all these attributes.

Be creative. Decorate your Yoga room with coloured lights, mats, other Yoga props, crystals, gems, candles, paintings, plants, table cloths, basically, everything available.

Colours for Chakra Healing

According to the Yogic tradition, there are seven Chakras (meaning “wheels”), or energy centers, which concentrate and distribute life-force energy throughout the body. Located along the spine, each Chakra is not only associated with particular functions within the body, but with specific life issues and the way we handle them, both inside ourselves and in our interactions with the world. At different points of our being, our energies may come out of balance and become either deficient or excessive spinning the “wheels” of energy out of sync. Specific Yoga asanas used for particular Chakras are splendid in bringing the homeostasis back and reconnecting body, mind and spirit.

Colour Therapy - what it can be used for

Colour Therapy can be used for any problem whether, physical, mental, emotional or spiritual for specific problems as well as an over all relaxation therapy.

Colour Therapy can be used safely and effectively - either alone or alnogside any other therapy, whether complementary or orthodox medicine - for adults, children, babies and non-human animals alike. (However, no complementary therapy should ever be considered as an alternative to orthodox medical advice.)

Colour energy can be the catalyst for our healing process and encourages normal and healthy workings of the body.

Colour Therapy should not be something you just go to a therapist to 'have done to you'. Colour is everywhere and should be utilized as part of our everyday life. A professional Colour Therapist can explain and advise you on how you can use colour at home for health and wellbeing.

Sunday, 4 September 2011

Dye History from 2600 BC to the 20th Century

M.E (INDUSTRIAL DESIGN) @ PUNJAB ENGINEERING COLLEGE University of Technology, CHANDIGARH

Dye History from 2600 BC to the 20th Century

2600 BC Earliest written record of the use of dyestuffs in China
715 BC Wool dyeing established as craft in Rome
331 BC Alexander finds 190 year old purple robes when he conquers Susa, the Persian capital. They were in the royal treasury and said to be worth $6 million (equivalent)
327 BC Alexander the Great mentions "beautiful printed cottons" in India
236 BC An Egyptian papyrus mentions dyers as "stinking of fish, with tired eyes and hands working unceasingly
55 BC Romans found painted people "picti" in Gaul dyeing themselves with Woad (same chemical content of color as indigo)
2ND and 3RD Centuries AD Roman graves found with madder and indigo dyed textiles, replacing the old Imperial Purple (purpura)
3rd Century papyrus found in a grave contains the oldest dye recipe known, for imitation purple - called Stockholm Papyrus. It is a Greek work.
273 AD Emperor Aurelian refused to let his wife buy a purpura-dyed silk garment. It cost its weight in gold.
Late 4TH Century Emperor Theodosium of Byzantium issued a decree forbidding the use of certain shades of purple except by the Imperial family on pain of death
400 AD Murex (the mollusk from which purpura comes) becoming scarce due to huge demand and over harvesting for Romans. One pound of cloth dyed with Murex worth $20,000 in terms of our money today (Emperor Augustus source)
700's a Chinese manuscript mentions dyeing with wax resist technique (batik)

925 the Wool Dyers' Guilds first initiated in Germany
1188 the first mention of Guilds for Dyers in London
1197 King John (of Magna Carta fame) persuaded Parliament to regulate dyeing of woolens to protect the public from poor quality goods
1200's Rucellia, of Florence, rediscovered the ancient art of making purple dye from lichens sent from Asia Minor (similar to Orchils?)
1212 the city of Florence had over 200 dyers, fullers and tailors. A directory of weavers and spinners was published as well.
1290 the only blue dye of the period, Woad, began to be raised extensively in Germany. The 3 major dyes were now: woad, madder and weld.
1321 Brazilwood was first mentioned as a dye, source from East Indies and India. (the country of Brazil was named for the wood found there, not vice versa)
1327-1377 Edward III, "Royal Wool Merchant" offered protection to all foreigners living in England and to all who wanted to come to help improve the textile industry.
Early 15th Century Cennino Cennini of Padua, Italy described the printing of cloth (block printing) in his treatise called Method of Painting Cloths by Means of Moulds.
15th Century Aztecs under Montezuma conquered the Mayans. 11 Mayan cities paid a yearly tribute of 2000 decorated cotton blankets and 40 bags of Cochineal (insect dye) each.
1429 the 1st European book on dyeing Mariegola Dell'Arte de Tentori was published in Italy
1464 Pope Paul II introduced the so-called "Cardinals' Purple" which was really scarlet from the Kermes insect. This became the first luxury dye of the Middle Ages just as Imperial Purple (Murex) had been for the ancient world.
1472 Edward IV incorporated the Dyers' Company of London
1507 France, Holland and Germany begin the cultivation of dye plants as an industry
1519 Pizarro and Cortez find that there is cotton in Central and South America. They send back brightly printed fabrics showing that the Indians knew about block printing prior to the Conquest. Cochineal from Mexico and Peru now being shipped back to Spain.
1614 dyeing cloth "in the wood" was introduced in England: logwood, fustic, etc.
1630 Drebbel, a Dutch chemist, produced a new brilliant red dye from cochineal and tin. It was used at Goblein (Paris) and the Bow Dyeworks (England)
1631-33 The East India Co. began importation of calico from Calicut, India to England. At first they thought the fabric was linen, not cotton.
Mid-1600's English Logwood cutters in Honduras lead a dangerous life (danger from Spaniards, hurricanes, swamps, disease) in the Bay of Campeachy, but could get very rich
1688 James II, of England, prohibited exportation of un-dyed cloth from England to help bolster the home industry for English dyers over that of the Scottish dyers.
1689 the first calico printworks was begun in Germany at Augsburg and was later to grow into a large industry
18th Century - English dyehouse gets contract to dye the Buckingham Palace Guards coats with cochineal. This contract continued into the 20th Century still using cochineal.
1708 William III signed a law prohibiting the importation of printed silks, this only made calicos and silks more popular



1716 There were now more than 30 laws in England prohibiting the importation of calico and cotton; prints became more popular than ever. 1727 A method of bleaching linen with kelp (seaweed) was introduced in Scotland
1733 Fly shuttle invented by John Kay, England
1745 Indigo begins to be grown in England, after the Revolution when it became cheaper to import from the East Indies
1766 Dr. Cuthbert Gordon patents Cudbear (derived from his mother's name) Cuthbert was prepared from a variety of lichens. Only one of 2 natural dyes ever credited to an individual (other is quercitron to Bancroft)
1769 Arkwright's spinning frame in England (aka the Spinning Jenny)
1774 Swedish chemist, Scheele, discovered chlorine destroyed vegetable colors by observing a cork in a bottle of hydrochloric acid
1774 Prussian Blue and Sulphuric acid available commercially. Prussian blue formed from prussite of potash and iron salt (copperas). Actually one of the early chemical dyes.
1775 Bancroft introduced the use of quercitron bark as a natural dye. One of only 2 natural dyes whose discoverer is known, it yields a yellow, brighter than fustic, and is from the inner bark of No. American oak.
1786 Bertholet, France, recommended chlorine water for commercial bleaching. Other oxidizing agents began to be used, too: hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide and sodium perborate.
1785 Bell, England, who had invented printing from plates, developed roller printing
1788 Picric acid available (yellow dye and disinfectant) could be dyed from acid dyebath on wool
1790 Acid discharge of mordant printing developed
1794 Three Frenchmen set up first calico printing
1796 Tennant developed bleaching process
1797 Bancroft develops a process for steam fixation of prints
1798 Oberkampf (in Jouy, France) pleased Napoleon by showing him a roller printer made from a cannon Napoleon had seized from the Pope. This began the famous Toiles de Jouy production.
1802 Sir Robert Peel brought out a resist method, he had purchased the idea for from a commercial traveller for equivalent of $25. It consisted of a wax or other resist on the background, actually a batik technique done on large scale.
1823 Mercer discovered chromate discharge of indigo
1825 Mathias Baldwin (later of locomotive fame) began the first American production of engraved metal rollers for calico printing which were used in the Philadelphia area and could produce 300 yds of fabric per day.
1834 Runge, a German chemist, noticed that upon distilling coal tar, aniline would give a bright blue color if treated with bleaching powder. This helped to pave the way to the development of aniline (basic) dyes 22 years later.
1844 John Mercer discovered that treating cotton with caustic soda (lye) while under tension improved its strength, luster, dyeability, absorbency. The process was called "mercerization".
1856 William Henry Perkin discovered the first synthetic dye stuff "Mauve" (aniline, a basic dye) while searching for a cure for malaria and a new industry was begun. It was a brilliant fuchsia type color, but faded easily so our idea of the color mauve is not what the appearance of the original color was.
1858 Griess discovered diazotisation and coupling on/in the fiber
1858-59 Magenta (fuchsin) discovered by Verguin the 2nd basic dye and more widely used than Mauve
1861 Methyl violet, basic dye, by Lauth
1862 Hofmann's Violet, Hofmann was one of the great dye chemists of all time
1862 Bismarck Brown developed by Martius and Lightfoot, first soluble azo dye
1863 Aniline Black, developed by Lightfoot, a black produced by oxidation of aniline on the cotton fiber.
1866 Methyl Violet, basic dye
1868 Graebe and Liebermann, German chemists, produced alizarin (synthetic madder). this was the first time a synthetic substitute for a vegetable dye had been manufactured. W.H.Perkin also synthesized it about the same time, but independently.
1872 Methyl Green by Lauth and Baubigny, still in use, basic dye
1873 Cachou de Laval, 1st sulphur dye, a brown, by Groissant and Bretonniere, France
1875-76 Caro and Witt prepared Chrysoidine, 1st important member of azo class of dye
1876 Caro, an important dye chemist, discovered Methyl Blue, an important
1877 Malachite Green, basic dye by Dobner and Fisher
1878 Biebrich Scarlet invented, a very pure red acid dye, rivalling cochineal in brightness
1878 von Baeyer synthesized synthetic indigo. It was not marketed until 1897
1880 Thomas and Holliday, England, synthesized the first azo dye formed on the fabric by coupling. Vacanceine red formed by treating fabric with napthol and then dipping in a diazolized amine, a very fast category of dyes.
1884 Congo Red by Bottiger, first of the direct cotton dyes
1885 Benzopurpurine, early direct dye by Duisberg, bright and highly substantive
1885 Para Red dye brought out by von Gallois and Ullrich. (B napthol and nitraniline)
1885-89 Chardonnet, France, made the first successful rayon and showed it at the Paris Exposition of 1889.
1887 First azo mordant dye, Alizarin Yellow GG
1887 Rhodamine B (brilliant red-violet) basic dye
1890 Direct Black BH, first direct black
1891 Diamine Green B, first green azo dye
1891 Chardonnet built his first commercial plant at Besancon for manufacturing rayon, by the Chardonnet process.
1891 Direct dye-Sky Blue FF, important blue for many years, good light fastness
1893 2nd Sulphur dye, Vidal Black
1895 Viscose method of making rayon invented by Cross and Bevan, England was begun. This is now the most common process for manufacture of rayon.
1898 Direct Black E, a black dye of major importance
1900 When Mozaffer ed Din became Shah of Persia one of his first edicts was to prohibit the use of analine dyes for rugs. All analine dyes were seized and publicly burned. Penalties included jail and fines equal to double the value of the merchandise.
1901 Rene Bohn patented his invention of Indanthrene Blue RS, the first anthraquinone vat dye, a category of dyes with extremely good fastness to light and washing
1901 Bohn developed 2nd vat dye, Flanthrene a yellow
1902 Thesmar, Baumann, Descamps, and Frossard brought out hydrosulfite and sulfoxylateformaldehyde.
1905 Thio-indigo Red, by Freidlander, 1st indigoid dye
1908 Hydron Blue, a rival to indigo, developed by Cassella
1914 USA importing 90% of its dye stuffs, a problem during WWI, as many came from Germany.
1915 Neolan dye, 1st metallized chrome dye, dyed from strong acid bath
1921 Bader developed soluble vat colors, the Indigosols.
1922 the AATCC (American Assoc. of Textile Chemists and Colorists) formed its first subcommittee to study washfastness of printed and dyed cottons, formulate testing procedures, standards of fastness.
1924 Indigosol 0, by Baeyer and Sunder, 1st commercial indigosol dye
1928 Dupont began the fundamental research that would lead to discovery of nylon
1936 First pair of stockings knit with a new synthetic fiber from DuPont called "nylon" for which Carothers received the patent.
1938 Nylon formally introduced to the public
1948 Textiles became second largest industry in USA. The average consumer consumption per capita of fibers: 27 lbs cotton, 6.3 lbs rayon, 4.9 lbs wool.
1951 Irgalan dyes introduced by Geigy, 1st neutral pre-metallized dyes (did not require a lot of acid as Neolans did) Cibalans are the same type.
1950 Dupont introduced first commercial availability of Orlon, a new acrylic "wool substitute"
1951 DuPont announced that a plant in N.Carolina would begin to manufacture Dacron polyester.
1951 A new acrylic, Acrilan. was introduced by Chemstrand Corp.
1953 Cibalan Brilliant Yellow 3GL, a dye which lead the way to discovery of the fiber reactive dyes was introduced
1954 Celanese Corp announced first commercial production of an American triacetate, Arnel.
1956 ICI in England introduced Procion, first range of fiber reactive dye - this dye was to have a major impact on industry as well as textile artists around the world
1956 Eastman Kodak introduced Verel, a modified acrylic
1956 American Cyanamid introduced a new acrylic, Creslan
1956 One person working out of every 7 in the USA received his income from work performed in textile or apparel industries!
1957
CIBA introduces Cibacrons, a new range of reactive dyes and the first to compete with ICI's Procion series
1958 Eastman Kodak introduced Kodel polyester.
1964 First permanent press finishes used
1968 DuPont introduces Qiana, a fancy nylon with "silk" feel and drape
1968 For the first time manmade fibers topped natural fibers for US consumption. 5 billion pounds vs 4.6 billion pounds, the use of polyester was growing the most quickly.
1970s Late in the 70s, CIBA-Geigy introduced Cibacron F series


iconic design


An iconic design is usually a design that is ‘ground breaking’ and one that sets new standards in its field.
It is a design that other designers and manufacturers follow, as it becomes a bench mark for
other similar products. Furthermore, an iconic design is one that stands up to the test of time,
remaining a good design, despite the passing of years, decades and even centuries.

Red telephone boxes,
 red double decker buses, 
the Spitfire, Concorde,
 the Mini car, and 
the London Underground map.
A SELECTION OF INTERNATIONAL DESIGN ICONS
iconic designs
M.E (INDUSTRIAL DESIGN) @ PUNJAB ENGINEERING COLLEGE University of Technology, CHANDIGARH

Product Design

Product Design involves a broad approach to the designing and making of innovative / new products.
This subject is aimed at those interested in the way business and industry identifies potential products and
successfully designs and manufactures them. It is not for those who intend to design and
manufacture an item that already exists. However, you can take an existing product and
improve it or develop an entirely new product.
How the design of Product changes over a Time

This leads to changes in the way the product looks, its efficiency and desirability to the potential customers.
Designers always look for modern technology that can be applied to the products they design.
This helps them keep ahead of their competitors.

As a product develops over a long period of time new technology becomes available.

Many products have a long history and one good example is the bicycle.


M.E (INDUSTRIAL DESIGN) @ PUNJAB ENGINEERING COLLEGE University of Technology, CHANDIGARH